Total arterial coronary bypass graft surgery is associated with better long-term survival in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease: a systematic review with meta-analysis

Abstract Introduction: The benefit of total arterial revascularization (TAR) in coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) remains a controversial issue. This study sought to evaluate whether there is any difference on the long-term results of TAR and non-TAR CABG patients. Methods: The Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), Excerpta Medica dataBASE (EMBASE), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL/CCTR), Clinical Trials.gov, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), and Google Scholar databases were searched for studies published by October 2020. Randomized clinical trials and observational studies with propensity score matching comparing TAR versus non-TAR CABG were included. Random-effects meta-analysis was performed. The current barriers to implementation of TAR in clinical practice and measures that can be used to optimize outcomes were reviewed. Results: Fourteen publications (from 2012 to 2020) involving a total of 22,746 patients (TAR: 8,941 patients; non-TAR: 13,805 patients) were included. The pooled hazard ratio (HR) for long-term mortality (over 10 years) was lower in the TAR group than in the non-TAR group (random effect model: HR 0.676, 95% confidence interval 0.586-0.779, P<0.001). There was evidence of low heterogeneity of treatment effect among the studies for mortality, and none of the studies had a particular impact on the summary result. The result was not influenced by age, sex, or comorbidities. We identified low risk of publication bias related to this outcome. Conclusion: This review found that TAR presents the best long-term results in patients who undergo CABG. Given that many patients are likely to benefit from TAR, its use should be encouraged.

German aortic valve score in risk assessment for surgical aortic valve replacement in a brazilian center

Abstract Objective: To test the German Aortic Valve (GAV) score at our university hospital in patients undergoing isolated aortic valve replacement (AVR). Methods: A total of 224 patients who underwent isolated conventional AVR between January 2015 and December 2018 were included. Patients with concomitant procedures and transcatheter aortic valve implantation were excluded. Patients' data were collected and analyzed retrospectively. Patients' risk scores were calculated according to criteria described by GAV score. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy (area under the ROC curve [AUC]) were also calculated. The calibration of the model was tested by the Hosmer-Lemeshow method. Results: The mortality rate was 8.04% (18 patients). The patients' mean age was 58.2±19.3 years and 25% of them were female (56 patients). Mean GAV score was 1.73±5.86 (min: 0.0; max: 3.53). The GAV score showed excellent discriminative capacity (AUC 0.925, 95% confidence interval 0.882-0.956; P<0.001). The cutoff "1.8" turned out to be the best discriminatory point with the best combination of sensitivity (88.9%) and specificity (75.7%) to predict operative death. Hosmer-Lemeshow method revealed a P-value of 0.687, confirming a good calibration of the model. Conclusion: The GAV score applies to our population with high predictive accuracy.

Coronary artery bypass graft surgery improves survival without increasing the risk of stroke in patients with ischemic heart failure in comparison to percutaneous coronary intervention: a meta-analysis with 54, 173 patients

Abstract Objective: To evaluate whether there is any difference on the results of patients treated with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in the setting of ischemic heart failure (HF). Methods: Databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register [CENTRAL/CCTR], ClinicalTrials.gov, Scientific Electronic Library Online [SciELO], Literatura Latino-americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde [LILACS], and Google Scholar) were searched for studies published until February 2019. Main outcomes of interest were mortality, myocardial infarction, repeat revascularization, and stroke. Results: The search yielded 5,775 studies for inclusion. Of these, 20 articles were analyzed, and their data were extracted. The total number of patients included was 54,173, and those underwent CABG (N=29,075) or PCI (N=25098). The hazard ratios (HRs) for mortality (HR 0.763; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.678-0.859; P<0.001), myocardial infarction (HR 0.481; 95% CI 0.365-0.633; P<0.001), and repeat revascularization (HR 0.321; 95% CI 0.241-0.428; P<0.001) were lower in the CABG group than in the PCI group. The HR for stroke showed no statistically significant difference between the groups (random effect model: HR 0.879; 95% CI 0.625-1.237; P=0.459). Conclusion: This meta-analysis found that CABG surgery remains the best option for patients with ischemic HF, without increase in the risk of stroke.

Prosthesis-patient mismatch after surgical aortic valve replacement: neither uncommon nor harmless

Abstract Prosthesis-patient mismatch (PPM) after surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) is an issue that has been overlooked (not to say neglected). Cardiac surgeons must bear in mind that this is a real problem that we must tackle. The purpose of this paper is to be a wake-up call to the surgical community by giving a brief overview of what PPM is, its incidence and impact on the outcomes. We also discuss the increasing role played by imaging for predicting and assessing PPM after SAVR (with which surgeons must become more acquainted) and, finally, we present some options to avoid PPM after the surgical procedure.

Impact of prosthesis-patient mismatch on 1-year outcomes after transcatheter aortic valve implantation: meta-analysis of 71, 106 patients

Abstract Objectives: This study sought to evaluate the impact of prosthesis-patient mismatch (PPM) on the risk of early-term mortality after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). Methods: Databases (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online [MEDLINE], Excerpta Medica dataBASE [EMBASE], Cochrane Controlled Trials Register [CENTRAL/CCTR], ClinicalTrials.gov, Scientific Electronic Library Online [SciELO], Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences [LILACS], and Google Scholar) were searched for studies published until February 2019. PPM after TAVI was defined as moderate if the indexed effective orifice area (iEOA) was between 0.85 cm2/m2 and 0.65 cm2/m2 and as severe if iEOA ≤ 0.65 cm2/m2. Results: The search yielded 1,092 studies for inclusion. Of these, 18 articles were analyzed, and their data extracted. The total number of patients included who underwent TAVI was 71,106. The incidence of PPM after TAVI was 36.3% (25,846 with PPM and 45,260 without PPM). One-year mortality was not increased in patients with any PPM (odds ratio [OR] 1.021, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.979-1.065, P=0.338) neither in those with moderate PPM (OR 0.980, 95% CI 0.933-1.029, P=0.423). Severe PPM was separately associated with high risk (OR 1.109, 95% CI 1.041-1.181, P=0.001). Conclusion: The presence of severe PPM after TAVI increased early-term mortality. Although moderate PPM seemed harmless, the findings of this study cannot not rule out the possibility of it being detrimental, since there are other registries that did not address this issue yet.

Prosthesis-patient mismatch negatively affects outcomes after mitral valve replacement: meta-analysis of 10, 239 patients

Abstract Objective: This study sought to evaluate the impact of prosthesis-patient mismatch on the risk of perioperative and long-term mortality after mitral valve replacement. Methods: Databases were researched for studies published until December 2018. Main outcomes of interest were perioperative and 10-year mortality and echocardiographic parameters. Results: The research yielded 2,985 studies for inclusion. Of these, 16 articles were analyzed, and their data extracted. The total number of patients included was 10,239, who underwent mitral valve replacement. The incidence of prosthesis-patient mismatch after mitral valve replacement was 53.7% (5,499 with prosthesis-patient mismatch and 4,740 without prosthesis-patient mismatch). Perioperative (OR 1.519; 95%CI 1.194-1.931, P<0.001) and 10-year (OR 1.515; 95%CI 1.280-1.795, P<0.001) mortality was increased in patients with prosthesis-patient mismatch. Patients with prosthesis-patient mismatch after mitral valve replacement had higher systolic pulmonary artery pressure and transprosthethic gradient and lower indexed effective orifice area and left ventricle ejection fraction. Conclusion: Prosthesis-patient mismatch increases perioperative and long-term mortality. Prosthesis-patient mismatch is also associated with pulmonary hypertension and depressed left ventricle systolic function. The findings of this study support the implementation of surgical strategies to prevent prosthesis-patient mismatch in order to decrease mortality rates.

Current practice of state-of-the-art coronary revascularization in patients with heart failure

Abstract The best treatment for patients with ischemic heart failure (HF) is still on debate. There is growing evidence that coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) benefits these patients. The current recommendations for revascularization in this context are that CABG is reasonable when it comes to decreasing morbidity and mortality rates for patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction (ejection fraction <35%), and significant coronary artery disease (CAD) and should be considered in patients with operable coronary anatomy, regardless whether or not there is a viable myocardium (class IIb). Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) does not have enough data to allow the panels to reach a conclusion. The Korean Acute Heart Failure registry (KorAHF) had its data released recently, showing that patients with acute HF who underwent CABG had lower death rates, more complete revascularization and less adverse outcomes compared with patients treated with PCI. Recent ESC/EACTS guidelines on myocardial revascularization clearly recommended CABG as the first choice of revascularization strategy in patients with multivessel disease and acceptable surgical risk to improve prognosis in this scenario of left ventricular dysfunction. However, a high peri-procedural risk must be compared with the benefit of late mortality, and pros and cons of each strategy (either PCI or CABG) must be weighed in the decision-making process. Spurred on by the publication of the above-mentioned article and the release of new guidelines, we went on to write an overview of the current practice of state-of-the-art coronary revascularization options in patients with HF.

Updated meta-analysis on the closure of patent foramen ovale in reduction of stroke rates: the defense-pfo trial does not change the scenario

Abstract Objective: We aimed to analyze whether patent foramen ovale (PFO) closure reduces the risk of stroke, assessing also some safety outcomes after the publication of a new trial. Introduction: The clinical benefit of closing a PFO has been an open question, so it is necessary to review the current state of published medical data in regards to this subject. Methods: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL/CCTR, SciELO, LILACS, Google Scholar and reference lists of relevant articles were used to search for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that reported any of the following outcomes: stroke, death, major bleeding or atrial fibrillation. Six studies fulfilled our eligibility criteria and included 3560 patients (1889 for PFO closure and 1671 for medical therapy. Results: The risk ration (RR) for stroke in the "closure" group compared with the "medical therapy" showed a statistically significant difference between the groups, favouring the "closure" group (RR 0.366; 95%CI 0.171-0.782, P=0.010). There was no statistically significant difference between the groups regarding the safety outcomes, death and major bleeding, but we observed an increase in the risk of atrial fibrillation in the "closure" group (RR 4.131; 95%CI 2.293-7.443, P<0.001). We also observed that the larger the proportion of effective closure, the lower the risk of stroke. Conclusion: This meta-analysis found that stroke rates are lower with percutaneously implanted device closure than with medical therapy alone, being these rates modulated by the rates of hypertension, atrial septal aneurysm and effective closure. The publication of a new trial did not change the scenario in the medical literature.

Anuloplastia concêntrica do anel mitral, isolada ou associada à ressecção quadrangular, em crianças e jovens / Mitral annuloplasty either in isolation or associated with posterior quadrantectomy in young patients

OBJETIVO: Descrever procedimento cirúrgico de anuloplastia concêntrica do anel mitral sem prótese, isolada ou associada à ressecção quadrangular com plicatura póstero-medial do anel mitral, e analisar os resultados imediatos e tardios obtidos. MÉTODO: Entre fevereiro de 1986 e fevereiro de 2001, realizamos 790 procedimentos abordando a valva mitral, 41 foram realizados em crianças e adolescentes menores de 20 anos (média de 9,7 anos). Vinte (48,7 por cento) pacientes eram do sexo feminino e 21 (51,3 por cento) do masculino. A doença reumática foi responsável pelas lesões em 92,6 por cento dos casos e a degeneração mixomatosa em apenas 7,4 por cento. No período pré-operatório, 22 (53,6 por cento) pacientes estavam em classe funcional III e 19 (46,4 por cento) em classe funcional IV, advindos de repetidos surtos de febre reumática, agravados pela desnutrição. A técnica cirúrgica utilizada foi a anuloplastia concêntrica, aplicada isoladamente ou em associação à ressecção quadrangular com plicatura póstero-medial. O curso do seguimento pós-operatório foi de 7 meses a 15 anos (3/2/1986 a 12/2/2001). RESULTADOS: A mortalidade hospitalar foi de 2,4 por cento. Os pacientes receberam alta sem sopro sistólico de regurgitação mitral. Dois pacientes apresentaram, ao longo dos anos (4 e 11 anos), estenose mitral e necessitaram reoperação, um deles operado com dois anos de idade. Dois doentes foram reoperados para corrigir disfunção aórtica previamente abordada por plastia (12 e 18 meses após a primeira operação), morrendo e contribuindo para mortalidade tardia de 5 por cento. CONCLUSAO: Consideramos a técnica empregada um procedimento alternativo, válido, de aplicação preferencial em crianças e adolescentes, de fácil reprodução e de baixíssimo custo.

Fístula aortoesofágica secundária ao tratamento endovascular de aneurisma da aorta descendente por esternotomia convencional, sem auxília do uso de circulação extracorpórea / Aortoesophageal fistula secondary to endovascular treatment of the descending aorta by median esternotomy without cardiopulmonary bypass

Paciente com 49 anos, masculino, submetido a tratamento endovascular de aneurisma da aorta descendente logo após a origem da artéria subclávia esquerda, por esternotomia convencional, sutura em bolsa na aorta transversa, aortatomia, liberação da endoprótese vascular (3 cm x 15 cm) pela localização através do ecocardiograma transesofágico, sem auxílio da circulação extracorpórea. Tal via de acesso foi utilizada, por apresentar o paciente tortuosidade de ambas as arterias femorais e paquipleuris esquerdo pós-empiema pleural. Recebeu alta hospitalar no 9.§ dia pós-implante com uma leve síndrome inflamatória. No 15.§ Mês após a intervenção apresentou hemoptise importante, sendo diagnosticada fístula aortoesofágica por migração de porção proximal da endoprótese após a origem da artéria subclávia esquerda, foi submetido à correção por esternotomia, circulação extracorpórea, hipotermia profunda a 18§C, parada circulatória, aortotomia com sutura da endoprótese na aorta descendente logo após a origem da artéria subclávia esquerda e, para tratamento da fistula, esofagostomia cervical, gastrostomia para alimentação enteral e antibioticoterapia prolongada. Recebeu alta no 24.§ dia de pós-operatório e seis semanas após foi submetido a nova endoscopia digestiva que não mostrou presença de fístula. Apresentou morte súbita em sua residência no 12.§ mês após a intervenção cirúrgica

The surgical treatment of traumatic rupture of aortic valve and atrial septum after blunt chest trauma: literature review and presentation of a rare case

Paciente do sexo masculino, 49 anos, atendido na Emergência do Real Hospital Português de Beneficência (RHPBPE), após acidente automobilístico, apresentando dispnéia, fraturas de múltiplos arcos costais, enfisema subcutâneo extenso e hidropneumotórax à esquerda e fratura da clavícula direita. Submetido inicialmente à drenagem torácica subaquática à esquerda e traqueostomia, tendo sido mantido em respiraçäo controlada no respirador de volume na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva. Recebeu alta após um mês da admissäo com ecocardiograma transtorácico que mostrava insuficiência aórtica e insuficiência mitral leve, com leve aumento das câmaras cardíacas esquerdas, com funçäo global preservada, näo se relacionando os achados ao trauma. Após três meses, retornou à Emergência cardiológica do mesmo Hospital com sinais e sintomas de insuficiência cardíaca congestiva. Submetido a ecocardiograma transtorácico e transesofágico que mostraram insuficiência aórtica grave e septo interatrial pérvio. A exploraçäo cirúrgica encontramos a desinserçäo da cúspide näo coronariana e ruptura do septo interatrial. A tentativa de reinserir a cúspide näo permitiu uma coaptaçäo completa da valva aórtica, optando-se por sua substituiçäo com implante de uma prótese metálica St. Jude número 23. A ruptura do septo interatrial foi corrigida por aproximaçäo direta com pontos separados. O paciente recebeu alta no 9º dia de pós-operatório, sem intercorrências e assintomático.

Anomalia de Ebstein em paciente adulto: valvuloplastia modificada para correção de insuficiência tricúspide / EbsteinÝs anormaly in adult patients: modified repair technique for tricuspid insufficiency

Objetivos: Avaliar a correção cirúrgica em pacientes adultos portadores de anomalia de Ebstein, utilizando uma variação técnica para correção da. insuficiência tricúspide. Casuística e Métodos: Entre janeiro de 1990 e março de 2001, seis pacientes adultos foram submetidos à correção cirúrgica com uma variação da técnica apresentada por Carpentier. A idade variou de 18 a 34 anos. Todos se apresentavam em classe funcional III ou IV (NYHA), com piora da cianose ou arritmias freqüentes. Em quatro pacientes a valva tricúspide era do tipo B e em dois do tipo A (Carpentier), quatro apresentavam comunicação interatrial (CIA) associada. O hematócrito variou de 33por cento a 68por cento. O índice cardíaco variou de 0.47 a 0.88. A fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo variou de 50por cento a 80por cento. Resultados: Não se registrou óbitos no período hospitalar. Um paciente foi reoperado por sangramento no pós?operatório imediato. Em dois pacientes ocorreram derrames pericárdicos de repetição. Foi registrado um óbito no 14Ý mês de pós-operatório por morte súbita. Os pacientes foram seguidos por um período de 10 a 108 meses. Quatro encontram-se em classe funcional I e um encontra-se em classe funcional II (NYHA). O ecocardiograma no pós-operatório imediato e na última avaliação mostra insuficiência tricúspide discreta ou moderada em quatro e importante em um paciente.Conclusão: Apesar do pequeno número de pacientes nesta série, a modificação técnica cumpriu o seu papel, com a melhora clínica e funcional dos pacientes tratados em até nove anos de seguimento(AU)#S#a